An experimental and numerical study of the effects of dimethyl ether addition to fuel on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and soot formation in laminar coflow ethylene/air diffusion flames

The effects of dimethyl ether addition to fuel on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot were investigated experimentally and numerically in a laminar coflow ethylene diffusion flame at atmospheric pressure. The relative concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon species and the relative soot volume fractions were measured using planar laser-induced fluorescence and two-dimensional laser-induced incandescence techniques, respectively. Experiments were conducted over the entire range of dimethyl ether addition from pure ethylene to pure dimethyl ether in the fuel stream. The total carbon mass flow rate was maintained constant when the fraction of DME in the fuel stream was varied. Numerical calculations of nine diffusion flames of different dimethyl ether fractions in the fuel stream were performed using a detailed reaction mechanism consisting of 151 species and 785 reactions and a sectional soot model including soot radiation, inception of nascent soot particle due to collision of two pyrene molecules, heterogeneous surface growth and oxidation following the hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition mechanism, soot particle coagulation, and PAH surface condensation. The addition of a relatively small amount of dimethyl ether to ethylene was found experimentally to increase the concentrations of both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot. The synergistic effect on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons persists over a wider range of dimethyl ether addition. The numerical results reproduce the synergistic effects of dimethyl ether addition to ethylene on both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot, though the magnitude of soot volume fraction overshoot and the range of dimethyl ether addition associated with the synergistic effect of soot are less than those observed in the experiment. The synergistic effects of dimethyl ether addition to ethylene on many hydrocarbon species, including polycyclic aromatic ones, and soot can be fundamentally traced to the enhanced methyl concentration with the addition of dimethyl ether to ethylene. Contrary to previous findings, the pathways responsible for the synergistic effects of benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and soot in the ethylene/dimethyl ether system are found to be primarily due to the cyclization of l-C6H6 and n-C6H7 and to a much lesser degree due to the interaction between C2 and C4 species for benzene formation, rather than the propargyl self-combination reaction route, though it is indeed the most important reaction for the formation of benzene.