Kaolinite platelet orientation for XRD and AFM applications

The structure-building phenomena within clay aggregates are governed by forces acting between clay particles. The nature of such forces is important to understand in order to manipulate the aggregate structure for applications such as settling and dewatering. A parallel particle orientation is required when conducting force measurements acting between the basal planes of clay mineral platelets using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In order to prepare a film of clay particles with the optimal orientation for conducting AFM measurements, the influences of particle concentration in suspension, suspension pH and particle size on the clay platelet orientation were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. From these investigations, we conclude that high clay (dry mass) concentrations and larger particle diameters (up to 5 μm) in suspension result in random orientation of platelets on the substrate. The best possible laminar orientation in the clay dried film as represented in the XRD by the 001/020 intensity ratio of more than 150 and by SEM micrograph assessments, was obtained by drying thin layers from 0.2 wt.% of−5 μm clay suspensions at pH 10.5. These dried films are stable and suitable for close-approach AFM studies in solution.

Graphical AbstractFigure optionsDownload as PowerPoint slideResearch Highlights
► Film creates most favourable condition for AFM and XRD oriented sample investigation.
► Kaolinite film was formed from low solid of pH >10 and particle size below 500 nm.
► High XRD 001/020 intensity ratio indicates best orientation in the kaolinite film.
► Low pH suspension, produces clumped aggregates not uniformly spread on a substrate.