Key issues in the particle method for computation of wave breaking

The Lagrangian particle method is a superior tool for the modelling of violent behavior of the water surface, such as wave breaking and overtopping. To further develop the numerical wave flume by the particle method, there remain several issues: modelling of the sub-particle-scale turbulence, modelling of the gas-phase behavior, modelling of movable bed (sediment transport), and modelling of floating bodies. In this paper, the sub-particle-scale turbulence model, the solid–liquid and liquid–gas two-phase-flow models, and the floating-bodies model, which have been developed by the authors, are reviewed to present the performance of the particle method in a computation of wave breaking.