Target for national carbon intensity of energy by 2050: A case study of Poland's energy system

► Two indicators of carbon intensity of energy are proposed - CIPE and CIFE. ► 2050 carbon intensity of primary energy is estimated at 4.1 g C MJ−1. ► The estimated target would need CCS, RES, and optionally nuclear power. ► Promising options include carbon negative bioenergy and CO2-derived fuels.