Large scale purification of metallurgical silicon for solar cell by using electron beam melting

► More than 500 kg UMG-Si is melted and purified in a batch using large EBM furnace. ► Phosphorus content decreases from 15 ppmw to about 0.1 ppmw. ► Multicrystalline silicon ingots with high availability are produced using reproducible purified silicon. ► Average conversion efficiency of solar cells made from the multicrystalline silicon wafers is 16.1%.