Effects of forming gas annealing on LiNbO3 single crystals

► A new peak appears at the high-energy side of O1s spectrum in XPS of treated LiNbO3. ► The (0 0 0 6) peak of LiNbO3 is shifted by 1° after forming gas annealing at 900 °C. ► The leakage current is increased after forming gas annealing.