Testing deconfinement at high isospin density

We study the transition from hadronic matter to a mixed phase of quarks and hadrons at high baryon and isospin densities reached in heavy ion collisions. We focus our attention on the role played by the nucleon symmetry energy at high density. In this respect the inclusion of a scalar isovector meson, the δ-coupling, in the hadron Lagrangian appears rather important. We study in detail the formation of a drop of quark matter in the mixed phase, and we discuss the effects on the quark drop nucleation probability of the finite size and finite time duration of the high density region. We find that, if the parameters of quark models are fixed so that the existence of quark stars is allowed, then the density at which a mixed phase starts forming drops dramatically in the range Z/A∼0.3–0.4. This opens the possibility to verify the Witten–Bodmer hypothesis on absolute stability of quark matter using ground-based experiments in which neutron-rich nuclei are employed. These experiments can also provide rather stringent constraints on the Equation of State (EoS) to be used for describing the pre-supernova gravitational collapse. Consistent simulations of neutron rich heavy ion collisions are performed in order to show that even at relatively low energies, in the few A GeV range, the system can enter such unstable mixed phase. Some precursor observables are suggested, in particular a “neutron trapping” effect.