Aging and dry eye disease

Dry eye disease is a prevalent eye disorder that in particular affects the elderly population. One of the major causes of dry eye, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), shows increased prevalence with aging. MGD is caused by hyperkeratinization of the ductal epithelium of meibomian gland and reduced quantity and/or quality of meibum, the holocrine product that stabilizes and prevents the evaporation of the tear film. Of note, retinoids which are used in current anti-aging cosmetics may promote the development of MGD and dry eye disease. In this review, we will discuss the possible mechanisms of age-related MGD.

► Dry eye disease caused by MGD is prevalent among the elderly population.
► Age-related MGD research in humans and animals is reviewed.
► Potentially relevant mechanisms for age-related MGD are discussed.
► Certain anti-aging reagents including retinoids may promote the development of MGD.
► Studies are needed to unravel the mechanism of age-related MGD.