pH-dependent vesicle fusion induced by the ectodomain of the human immunodeficiency virus membrane fusion protein gp41: Two kinetically distinct processes and fully-membrane-associated gp41 with predominant β sheet fusion peptide conformation

• Fusion peptide of membrane-associated HIV gp41 ectodomain has β sheet conformation.
• Positively-charged gp41 ectodomain induces fusion of negatively-charged vesicles.
• Fusion includes fast (~ 100 ms− 1) and slow (~ 5 ms− 1) processes.
• Rate of fast-process positively correlates with magnitude of lipid charge.
• Extent of slow-process inversely correlates with magnitude of lipid charge.

The gp41 protein of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) catalyzes fusion between HIV and host cell membranes. The ~180-residue ectodomain of gp41 is outside the virion and is the most important gp41 region for membrane fusion. The ectodomain consists of an apolar fusion peptide (FP) region hypothesized to bind to the host cell membrane followed by N-heptad repeat (NHR), loop, and C-heptad repeat (CHR) regions. The present study focuses on the large gp41 ectodomain constructs “Hairpin” (HP) containing NHR + loop + CHR and “FP–Hairpin” (FP–HP) containing FP + NHR + loop + CHR. Both proteins induce rapid and extensive fusion of anionic vesicles at pH 4 where the protein is positively-charged but do not induce fusion at pH 7 where the protein is negatively charged. This observation, along with lack of fusion of neutral vesicles at either pH supports the significance of attractive protein/membrane electrostatics in fusion. There are two kinetically distinct fusion processes at pH 4: (1) a faster ~100 ms− 1 process with rate strongly positively correlated with vesicle charge; and (2) a slower ~5 ms− 1 process with extent strongly inversely correlated with this charge. The slower process may be more physiologically relevant because HIV/host cell fusion occurs at physiologic pH with gp41 restricted to the narrow region between the two membranes. Previous solid-state NMR (SSNMR) of membrane-associated FP–HP has supported protein oligomers with FP's in an intermolecular antiparallel sheet. There was an additional population of molecules with α helical FPs and the samples likely contained a mixture of membrane-bound and -unbound proteins. For the present study, samples were prepared with fully membrane-bound FP–HP and subsequent SSNMR showed dominant β FP conformation at both low and neutral pH. SSNMR also showed close contact of the FP with the lipid headgroups at both low and neutral pH whereas the NHR + CHR regions had contact at low pH and were more distant at neutral pH, consistent with the protein/membrane electrostatics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled:NMR Spectroscopy for Atomistic Views of Biomembranes and Cell Surfaces. Guest Editors: Lynette Cegelski and David P. Weliky.

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