Exosome-mediated quality control: Substrate recruitment and molecular activity

The eukaryotic exosome is a multisubunit complex that is mainly responsible for 3′–5′ exonucleolytic degradation of RNAs, both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In this review we summarize the recent experiments that have provided information on the organisation, structure and activity of this large assembly. Interestingly, eukaryotic exosomes have been implicated in a large number of RNA degradation pathways including recently discovered RNA quality control mechanisms. A variety of cofactors have been shown to participate in substrate recruitment and/or assist exonucleolytic activities. Despite this avalanche of new results, further analyses will be required to improve our understanding of exosome regulation.