Fundamental properties of Ca2 + signals

BackgroundCa2 + is a ubiquitous and versatile second messenger that transmits information through changes of the cytosolic Ca2 + concentration. Recent investigations changed basic ideas on the dynamic character of Ca2 + signals and challenge traditional ideas on information transmission.Scope of reviewWe present recent findings on key characteristics of the cytosolic Ca2 + dynamics and theoretical concepts that explain the wide range of experimentally observed Ca2 + signals. Further, we relate properties of the dynamical regulation of the cytosolic Ca2 + concentration to ideas about information transmission by stochastic signals.Major conclusionsWe demonstrate the importance of the hierarchal arrangement of Ca2 + release sites on the emergence of cellular Ca2 + spikes. Stochastic Ca2 + signals are functionally robust and adaptive to changing environmental conditions. Fluctuations of interspike intervals (ISIs) and the moment relation derived from ISI distributions contain information on the channel cluster open probability and on pathway properties.General significanceRobust and reliable signal transduction pathways that entail Ca2 + dynamics are essential for eukaryotic organisms. Moreover, we expect that the design of a stochastic mechanism which provides robustness and adaptivity will be found also in other biological systems. Ca2 + dynamics demonstrate that the fluctuations of cellular signals contain information on molecular behavior. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemical, biophysical and genetic approaches to intracellular calcium signaling.

► We review recent findings on key characteristics of cytosolic Ca2 + dynamics.
► We demonstrate the importance of the hierarchal arrangement of Ca2 + release sites.
► New theoretical concepts exploit emergent behavior of cellular Ca2 + spikes.
► We relate the dynamical regulation of [Ca2 +] to information transmission.
► Stochastic Ca2 + signals are functionally robust and adaptive to changing conditions.