Phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPx-4) localization in resting platelets, and compartmental change during platelet activation

Seleno-glutathione peroxidases are an important family of antioxidant enzymes, that include the phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPx-4), an enzyme that reduces lipid hydroperoxides in membranes. The essential characteristics of platelet GPx-4 were found to be the same as the GPx-4 from other tissues. To explore the subcellular expression of GPx-4 in human platelets, we first investigated both its activity and localization in subcellular fractions. About 47% of the total cell enzyme activity was found in the membrane fractions, 29% in the mitochondria and 23% in the cytosol fractions. The same subcellular distribution of GPx-4 protein was demonstrated in resting platelets. This distribution data was further established by confocal microscopy. Of major potential biological significance, this distribution changed when platelets were activated. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy localized mainly GPx-4 to membranes in contrast to cytoplasm in the resting cells. Based on these results we propose that cytoplasmic GPx-4 could be moved to the membrane for protection during platelet activation. This enzyme would then be important to maintain the integrity of platelet function in vascular system stressed by oxidative reactions.