A Long-Lived M-Like State of Phoborhodopsin that Mimics the Active State

Pharaonis phoborhodopsin (ppR, also called pharaonis sensory rhodopsin II) is a seven transmembrane helical retinal protein. ppR forms a signaling complex with pharaonis Halobacterial transducer II (pHtrII) in the membrane that transmits a light signal to the sensory system in the cytoplasm. The M-state during the photocycle of ppR (λmax = 386 nm) is one of the active (signaling) intermediates. However, progress in characterizing the M-state at physiological temperature has been slow because its lifetime is very short (decay half-time is ∼1 s). In this study, we identify a highly stable photoproduct that can be trapped at room temperature in buffer solution containing n-octyl-β-d-glucoside, with a decay half-time and an absorption maximum of ∼2 h and 386 nm, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed that this stable photoproduct contains 13-cis-retinal as a chromophore. Previously, we reported that water-soluble hydroxylamine reacts selectively with the M-state, and we found that this stable photoproduct also reacts selectively with that reagent. These results suggest that the physical properties of the stable photoproduct (named the M-like state) are very similar with the M-state during the photocycle. By utilizing the high stability of the M-like state, we analyzed interactions of the M-like state and directly estimated the pKa value of the Schiff base in the M-like state. These results suggest that the dissociation constant of the ppRM-like/pHtrII complex greatly increases (to 5 μM) as the pKa value greatly decreases (from 12 to 1.5). The proton transfer reaction of ppR from the cytoplasmic to the extracellular side is proposed to be caused by this change in pKa.