Characterization of the Photoconversion on Reaction of the Fluorescent Protein Kaede on the Single-Molecule Level

Fluorescent proteins are now widely used in fluorescence microscopy as genetic tags to any protein of interest. Recently, a new fluorescent protein, Kaede, was introduced, which exhibits an irreversible color shift from green to red fluorescence after photoactivation with λ = 350–410 nm and, thus, allows for specific cellular tracking of proteins before and after exposure to the illumination light. In this work, the dynamics of this photoconversion reaction of Kaede are studied by fluorescence techniques based on single-molecule spectroscopy. By fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fast flickering dynamics of the chromophore group were revealed. Although these dynamics on a submillisecond timescale were found to be dependent on pH for the green fluorescent Kaede chromophore, the flickering timescale of the photoconverted red chromophore was constant over a large pH range but varied with intensity of the 488-nm excitation light. These findings suggest a comprehensive reorganization of the chromophore and its close environment caused by the photoconversion reaction. To study the photoconversion in more detail, we introduced a novel experimental arrangement to perform continuous flow experiments on a single-molecule scale in a microfluidic channel. Here, the reaction in the flowing sample was induced by the focused light of a diode laser (λ = 405 nm). Original and photoconverted Kaede protein were differentiated by subsequent excitation at λ = 488 nm. By variation of flow rate and intensity of the initiating laser we found a reaction rate of 38.6 s−1 for the complete photoconversion, which is much slower than the internal dynamics of the chromophores. No fluorescent intermediate states could be revealed.