DNA arms do the legwork to ensure the directionality of λ site-specific recombination

The integrase protein of bacteriophage λ (Int) catalyzes site-specific recombination between λ phage and Escherichia coli genomes. Int is a tyrosine recombinase that binds to DNA core sites via a C-terminal catalytic domain and to a collection of arm DNA sites, distant from the site of recombination, via its N-terminal domain. The arm sites, in conjunction with accessory DNA-bending proteins, provide a means of regulating the efficiency and directionality of Int-catalyzed recombination. Recent crystal structures of λ Int tetramers bound to synaptic and Holliday junction intermediates, together with new biochemical data, suggest a mechanism for the allosteric control of the recombination reaction through arm DNA binding interactions.