Steroids and insulin resistance in pregnancy

Metabolism of glucose during pregnancy reflects the equilibrium between lactogenic hormones stimulating insulin production and counterregulatory hormones inducing insulin resistance. In physiological pregnancies, insulin-mediated glucose uptake is substantially decreased and insulin secretion increased to maintain euglycemia. This common state of peripheral insulin resistance arises also due to steroid spectra changes. In this review article, we have focused on the role of steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens, gestagens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, as well as secosteroid vitamin D) in the impairment of glucose tolerance in pregnancy and in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Pregnancy and Steroids’.

► Pregnancy is characterized by decreased glucose uptake and increased insulin secretion.
► Reduced glucose uptake and induced insulin secretion lead to insulin resistance.
► Insulin resistance in pregnancy occurs also due to steroid spectra changes.
► The review summarizes implications of steroids in glycoregulation during pregnancy.