Methionine synthase reductase deficiency results in adverse reproductive outcomes and congenital heart defects in mice

Low dietary folate and polymorphisms in genes of folate metabolism can influence risk for pregnancy complications and birth defects. Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) is required for activation of methionine synthase, a folate- and vitamin B12-dependent enzyme. A polymorphism in MTRR (p.I22M), present in the homozygous state in 25% of many populations, may increase risk for neural tube defects. To examine the impact of MTRR deficiency on early development and congenital heart defects, we used mice harboring a gene-trapped (gt) allele in Mtrr. Female mice (Mtrr+/+, Mtrr+/gt, and Mtrrgt/gt) were mated with male Mtrr+/g mice. Reproductive outcomes and cardiac phenotype (presence of defects and myocardial thickness) were assessed at E14.5. Mtrr-deficient mothers had more resorptions and more delayed embryos per litter (resorptions per litter: 0.29 ± 0.13; 1.21 ± 0.41; 1.87 ± 0.38 and delayed embryos per litter: 0.07 ± 0.07; 0.14 ± 0.14; 0.60 ± 0.24 in Mtrr+/+, Mtrr+/gt, and Mtrrgt/gt mothers respectively). Placentae of Mtrrgt/gt mothers were smaller and their embryos were smaller, with myocardial hypoplasia and a higher incidence of ventricular septal defects (VSD) per litter (0; 0.57 ± 0.30; 1.57 ± 0.67 in Mtrr+/+, Mtrr+/gt, and Mtrrgt/gt groups respectively). Embryonic Mtrrgt/gt genotype was associated with reduced embryonic length, reduced embryonic and placental weight, and higher incidence of VSD, but did not affect myocardial thickness or embryonic delay. We conclude that Mtrr deficiency adversely impacts reproductive outcomes and cardiac development in mice. These findings may have implications for nutritional prevention of heart defects, particularly in women with the common MTRR polymorphism.