DLHex-DGJ, a novel derivative of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin with pharmacological chaperone activity in human GM1-gangliosidosis fibroblasts

GM1-gangliosidosis (GM1) and Morquio B disease (MBD) are rare lysosomal storage disorders caused by mutations in the gene GLB1. Its main gene product, human acid β-galactosidase (β-Gal) degrades two functionally important molecules, GM1-ganglioside and keratan sulfate in brain and connective tissues, respectively. While GM1 is a severe, phenotypically heterogenous neurodegenerative disorder, MBD is a systemic bone disease without effects on the central nervous system. A MBD-specific mutation, p.W273L, was shown to produce stable β-Gal precursors, normally transported and processed to mature, intralysosomal β-Gal. In accordance with the MBD phenotype, elevated residual activity against GM1-ganglioside, but strongly reduced affinity towards keratan sulfate was found. Most GM1 alleles, in contrast, were shown to affect precursor stability and intracellular transport. Specific alleles, p.R201C and p.R201H result in misfolded, unstable precursor proteins rapidly degraded by endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD). They may therefore be sensitive to stabilization by small molecules which bind at the active site and provide proper conformation. Thus the stabilized protein may escape from ERAD processes, and reach the lysosomes in an active state, as proposed for enzyme enhancement therapy (EET).This paper demonstrates that a novel iminosugar, DLHex-DGJ, has potent effects as competitive inhibitor of human acid β-galactosidase in vitro, and describes its effects on activity, protein expression, maturation and intracellular transport in vivo in 13 fibroblasts lines with GLB1 mutations. Beside p.R201C and p.R201H, two further alleles, p.C230R and p.G438E, displayed significant sensitivity against DLHex-DGJ, with an increase of catalytic activity, and a normalization of transport and lysosomal processing of β-Gal precursors.