Solution concentration influences voluntary consumption of nicotine under multiple bottle conditions

Female Sprague Dawley rats were given a choice between two concentrations of nicotine solution (5 µg/ml and 8 µg/ml) and water in a 5-bottle arrangement for 25 days. Rats developed clear bottle discrimination, drinking more of the 5 µg/ml nicotine solution than water or the higher concentration nicotine solution. Further, intake patterns were sensitive to exposure. Differences in consumption of the three solutions (5 µg/ml vs. 8 µg/ml vs. water) were minimal during initial exposure days but became clear and stable with chronic exposure. Control rats given 5 bottles of water drank equally from all bottles and showed no development of preference for bottle position. Results suggest that both environmental availability and post-ingestional effects of nicotine contribute to the voluntarily oral consumption of nicotine solutions by rats. The influence of these two factors, however, is modulated by exposure. Availability appears to drive consumption initially, but the impact of concentration exerts more control over consumption with continued exposure. These data support the utility of oral methods of nicotine self-administration in the laboratory rat and suggest the need for further investigations into the biological impact of nicotine consumed orally.