Super-additive interaction of the reinforcing effects of cocaine and H1-antihistamines in rhesus monkeys

Histamine H1 receptor antagonists can be sedating and have behavioral effects, including reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects in non-humans, that predict abuse liability. Previous research has suggested that antihistamines can enhance the effects of some drugs of abuse. We have reported a synergistic interaction between cocaine and diphenhydramine (DPH) in a self-administration assay with monkeys. The present study was designed to extend those findings to other combinations of cocaine and DPH, and to the mixture of cocaine and another H1-antihistamine, pyrilamine. Rhesus monkeys were prepared with chronic i.v. catheters and allowed to self-administer cocaine, DPH or pyrilamine alone or as mixtures under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Cocaine, DPH and pyrilamine alone maintained self-administration and cocaine was the stronger reinforcer. When cocaine was combined with DPH or pyrilamine in a 1:1, 1:2 or 2:1 ratio of the ED50s, the combinations were super-additive as reinforcers. Reinforcing strength of the combinations was greater than that of the antihistamines alone but not greater than cocaine. The data support the prediction that the combination of cocaine and histamine H1 receptor antagonists could have enhanced potential for abuse relative to either drug alone. The interaction may involve dopamine systems in the CNS.