Arabidopsis ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION (ESR)1 and ESR2 regulate in vitro shoot regeneration and their expressions are differentially regulated

► In Arabidopsis tissue culture, shoots formed at 74% of sites where ESR1 expression had been detected and no shoots formed at sites where ESR1 expression had not been detected. ► ESR1 is expressed in a small number of cells in lateral root meristem-like structure 1 day after transfer onto shoot inducing medium during in vitro shoot regeneration. ► ESR1-expressing cells proliferate to form shoot apical meristem-like structure.