High-yield fermentation and a novel heat-precipitation purification method for hydrophobin HGFI from Grifola frondosa in Pichia pastoris

• We reported a high-yield fermentation method of Hydrophobin HGFI in Pichia pastoris.
• We discovered a novel purification method that is easier to operate on a large scale, and with >90% recovery.
• The purification method maintained activities of native HGFI, which can be applied to other type I hydrophobins.

Hydrophobins are proteins produced by filamentous fungi with high natural-surfactant activities and that can self-assemble in interfaces of air–water or solid–water to form amphiphilic membranes. Here, we reported a high-yield fermentation method for hydrophobin HGFI from Grifola frondosa in Pichia pastoris, attaining production of 300 mg/L by keeping the dissolved oxygen level at 15%–25% by turning the methanol-feeding speed. We also developed a novel HGFI-purification method enabling large-scare purification of HGFI, with >90% recovery. Additionally, we observed that hydrophobin HGFI in fermentation broth precipitated at pH < 7.0 and temperatures >90 °C. We also identified the structure and properties of proteins purified by this method through atomic force microscopy, circular dichroism, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and water-contact angle measurement, which is similar to protein purification by ultrafiltration without heating treatment that enables our method to maintain native HGFI structure and properties. Furthermore, the purification method presented here can be applied to large-scale purification of other type I hydrophobins.