The relationship between amniotic epithelial cells and their microenvironment

• Immunophenotype of hAEC is influenced by microenvironmental components.
• hAEC are affected by factors from amniotic fluid, basement membrane and mesenchyme.
• hAEC themselves are potentially a prominent source of microenvironmental components.
• hAM-MSC are important partners for hAEC in term of creation their properties.
• Immunosuppressive role of hAEC is realized by surface proteins and soluble molecules.

Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAEC) are characterized by a great ability to differentiate, and immunomodulatory properties toward mother's immune system cells. These features have been described as being able to change during pregnancy. Thanks to their unique properties: low immunogenicity and high effectiveness of transplantations, amniotic epithelial cells constitute a very attractive source of stem cells for practical purposes in regenerative medicine and transplantology. In this review, we focus on natural factors potentially determining hAEC immunophenotype during pregnancy. Recognition of the impact of specific factors on hAEC would help in effective isolation, creation of appropriate culture conditions and regulation of desired cell function. We also indicate immunomodulatory properties of hAEC themselves. Discovering relations of hAEC with the microenvironment seems to be crucial for their clinical application.

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