In vitro and in vivo model systems to study microbial biofilm formation

Biofilm formation is often considered the underlying reason why treatment with an antimicrobial agent fails and as an estimated 65–80% of all human infections is thought to be biofilm-related, this presents a serious challenge. Biofilm model systems are essential to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in biofilm formation and resistance. In this review a comprehensive overview of various in vitro and in vivo systems is presented, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.