Experimental investigations and thermodynamic description of the PbO−Bi2O3 system

In the present work, the experimental characterization of the pseudo-binary PbO–Bi2O3 cut has been performed by differential thermal analysis (DTA), isothermal annealing, powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). A thermodynamic assessment according to the Calphad method was also performed based on the present results as well as previous experimental data using the ThermoCalc software.