RNA helicase Ddx39 is expressed in the developing central nervous system, limb, otic vesicle, branchial arches and facial mesenchyme of Xenopus laevis

Ddx39, a DEAD-box RNA helicase, is a part of the homeostatic machinery that regulates the switch between cellular proliferation and differentiation. Ddx39 was shown to be differentially regulated in Xenopus laevis using a differential screen of mRNAs from regenerating limbs ( King et al., 2003). Here, the expression patterns of Ddx39 in developing limb and nervous system are reported. Ddx39 was detected by RT-PCR in the Xenopus embryo, the earliest stage examined. Localization of the message by whole-mount in situ hybridization at stage 17 showed it to be localized primarily to the developing nervous system. Ddx39 was present in the ventricular region of the developing neural tube up to and including stage 48, and was also localized to the head mesenchyme, pharyngeal arches, and paraxial mesoderm. Strong label was also present in the developing limb buds at stages 48–55. Analysis of expression patterns in cryosections of the developing eye at stage 38 and 47 showed Ddx39 in the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) adjacent to the neural retina and within the lens epithelium. Ddx39 was also present in the anterior eye during fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-mediated retinal regeneration. BrDU incorporation analyses and double-label studies with proliferating cell nuclear antigen showed that Ddx39 message was restricted to a subpopulation of proliferating cells in the developing and regenerating optic cup.