The MS2 Coat Protein Shell is Likely Assembled Under Tension: A Novel Role for the MS2 Bacteriophage A Protein as Revealed by Small-angle Neutron Scattering

Recombinant forms of the bacteriophage MS2 and its RNA-free (empty) MS2 capsid were analyzed in solution to determine if RNA content and/or the A (or maturation) protein play a role in the global arrangement of the virus protein shell. Analysis of the (coat) protein shell of recombinant versions of MS2 that lack the A protein revealed dramatic differences compared to wild-type MS2 in solution. Specifically, A protein-deficient virus particles form a protein shell of between 31(±1) Å and 37(±1) Å. This is considerably thicker than the protein shell formed by either the wild-type MS2 or the RNA-free MS2 capsid, whose protein shells have a thickness of 21(±1) Å and 25(±1) Å, respectively. Since the A protein is known to separate from the intact MS2 protein shell after infection, the thin shell form of MS2 represents the pre-infection state, while the post-infection state is thick. Interestingly, these A protein-dependent differences in the virus protein shell are not seen using crystallography, as the crystallization process seems to artificially compact the wild-type MS2 virion. Furthermore, when the A protein is absent from the virus shell (post-infection), the process of crystallization exerts sufficient force to convert the protein shell from the post-infection (thick) state to the pre-infection (thin) conformation. In summary, the data are consistent with the idea that RNA content or amount does not affect the structure of the MS2 virus shell. Rather, the A protein influences the global arrangement of the virus coat dramatically, possibly by mediating the storage of energy or tension within the protein shell during virus assembly. This tension may later be used to eject the MS2 genomic RNA and A protein fragments into the host during infection.