Assessment of contaminants transport in a watershed affected by acid mine drainage, by coupling hydrological and geochemical modeling tools

• SWAT and PHREEQC models were used to simulate flow and profile of contaminants.
• SWAT was less accurate in describing the profile of metal contaminants.
• Satisfactory description of flow and contaminants using both models was obtained.
• Zn and Cd profiles can be obtained assuming equilibrium with ZnCO3·H2O and otavite.
• Mn profile can be obtained assuming partial supersaturation of rhodochrosite.

Erini Stream (Thrace, northeastern Greece) is adversely affected by the presence of an abandoned mixed sulfide mine located in the upper watershed. The GIS based model SWAT (Soil Water and Assessment Tool) was applied to characterize hydrologic processes in the watershed. Model performance was evaluated by comparing the simulation results with field data including flow and concentration measurements from 12 monitoring points, for the time period from June 2005 to July 2006. Flow rate results indicated good agreement between simulated and measured data, with coefficient correlations R2 in the range of 0.74–0.89. Simulation was focused on the dispersion of three pollutants, Zn, Cd and Mn. Using SWAT alone, simulation results systematically overestimated pollutants levels in Erini Stream.Geochemical model PHREEQC was used in combination with SWAT to obtain more accurate predictions regarding contaminants concentrations along the course of Erini Stream. The profiles of main metal contaminants, i.e. Zn, Cd and Mn, under wet conditions, were described with satisfactory precision assuming equilibrium with the carbonate minerals ZnCO3·H2O and otavite and partial supersaturation with respect to rhodochrosite. However, precipitation of discrete carbonate phases does not seem to be the predominant attenuation mechanism under dry conditions. Coprecipitation or sorption on the surface of precipitating calcite is another potential removal mechanism under these conditions.The methodology presented allows the reliable assessment of acid mine drainage impacts in the downstream aquatic environment and the design of effective measures for its mitigation based on an optimized number of monitoring data.