Equine αS1-casein: Characterization of alternative splicing isoforms and determination of phosphorylation levels

αS1-Casein was isolated from Haflinger mare's milk by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and displayed great micro-heterogeneity by 2-dimensional electrophoresis, probably because of a variable degree of phosphorylation and alternative splicing events. The aim of the present work was to investigate the complexity of the mare's αS1-casein. The different isoforms present in milk were submitted to a double treatment of dephosphorylation, first by using alkaline phosphatase and then acid phosphatase to achieve complete dephosphorylation. The apoforms were then analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The results revealed the existence of a full-length protein and 7 variants resulting from posttranscriptional modifications; that is, exon skipping involving exon 7, exon 14, or both and use of a cryptic splice site encoding a glutamine residue. The determination of the different phosphorylation degrees of the native isoforms of αS1-casein was finally achieved by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis after fractionation of the isoforms by ion-exchange chromatography. Thus, 36 different variants of equine αS1-casein were identified with several phosphate groups ranging from 2 to 6 or 8 depending on whether exon 7 was skipped.