Life-history parameters of Culicoides (Avaritia) imicola Kieffer in the laboratory at different rearing temperatures

This laboratory study investigates the sub-adult developmental cycle of field collected Culicoides (Avaritia) imicola Kieffer (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae). The period required from blood-feeding field-collected females to the production of progeny adults occupied 34–56 days at 20 °C, 15–21 days at 25 °C and 11–16 days at 28 °C, demonstrating clear temperature dependence. When reared at 28 °C, C. imicola demonstrated higher variability in fecundity (between 2.4 and 20.6 eggs/female) and lower hatching rates (50.0–62.2%), although larval survival rates to pupation were low at all temperatures (20–30%). Similarly, the mean emergence rate from pupae was the highest at lower temperatures. These results highlight the difficulty in establishing and maintaining a laboratory colony of this species from field-collected material and results are discussed in reference to future research directions that may aid this process.