Gingival vascular damage in atherosclerotic rabbits: Hydroxytyrosol and squalene benefits

Cardiovascular alterations and periodontal disease have been associated, although cardiovascular disease treatments have not yet been tested against periodontal alterations. We investigated effects of squalene, hydroxytyrosol and coenzyme Q10 on gingival tissues of rabbits fed on an atherosclerotic diet. Forty-eight rabbits were distributed in six groups. Control group was fed on standard chow for 80 days. The rest were fed with an atherogenic diet for 50 days. After that, a group was sacrificed and the rest were subjected for another extra 30 days on commercial chow alone or supplemented with coenzyme Q10, squalene or hydroxytyrosol. Atherosclerotic rabbits had higher fibrosis and endothelial activation and lower cellularity in gingival mucosa than controls (P < 0.05). Hydroxytyrosol reduced endothelial activation (P < 0.05) and squalene additionally decreased fibrosis (P < 0.05). Results suggest that gingival vascular changes after the atherosclerotic diet have been reversed by hydroxytyrosol and squalene, natural products from the minor fraction of virgin olive oil.