Monosodium glutamate neurotoxicity increases beta amyloid in the rat hippocampus: A potential role for cyclic AMP protein kinase

• Glutamate excitotoxicity plays a role in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
• Monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment increased β-amyloid in rat hippocampus, similar to what occurs in AD.
• Hippocampal AMPK was decreased by MSG, and rescued by the AMPK agonist Pioglitazone, with reduction in β-amyloid.
• This data suggests that AMPK reduction and β-amyloid accumulation contribute to MSG neurotoxicity.
• Further research should explore whether other AD features can be elicited by MSG treatment, e.g. tau phosphorylation.

BackgroundGlutamate excitotoxicity and cyclic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are both recognized as important mediators in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD).ObjectivesTo investigate whether oral or subcutaneous monosodium glutamate (MSG) neurotoxicity mimics some features of AD and whether these can be reversed by the AMPK activator Pioglitazone.MethodsMale Wistar rats aged 5 weeks were administered oral or subcutaneous MSG for 10 days with or without daily oral Pioglitazone. Two additional groups given only saline orally or subcutaneously acted as controls. At age 10 weeks the rats were subjected to neurobehavioral testing, then sacrificed for measurement of AMPK, β-amyloid and Fas ligand in the hippocampus.ResultsOral and subcutaneous MSG both induced a lowering of hippocampal AMPK by 43% and 31% respectively (P < 0.05 for both) and >2-fold increase in hippocampal Fas ligand, a mediator of apoptosis (P < 0.001 for both). MSG treatment also induced a significant increase in β-amyloid in the hippocampus by >4-fold and >5-fold in the oral and subcutaneous groups. This was associated with increased latency before crossing to the white half in the black–white alley and before the first rear in the holeboard test, suggesting increased anxiety. Pioglitazone decreased hippocampal β-amyloid accumulation and Fas ligand, but did not ameliorate the neurobehavioural deficits induced by MSG.ConclusionsMSG treatment enhances β-amyloid accumulation in the rat hippocampus. Our results suggest a role for AMPK reduction in mediating the neurotoxic effects of glutamate, including β-amyloid accumulation.