Novel Antiangiogenic Agents in the Treatment of Refractory Renal Cell Carcinoma

The approvals of sunitinib, sorafenib, and temsirolimus have dramatically altered the management of renal cell carcinoma. The combination of bevacizumab and interferon-α was recently approved in Europe and could receive regulatory approval in the United States. A recent randomized trial reported improved outcomes with everolimus following first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Despite enhanced outcomes with these agents, they are not curative, and more effective therapy is essential. Other novel antiangiogenic agents are being evaluated, including TKIs, monoclonal antibodies, and agents against other novel targets. Additionally, novel combinations of antiangiogenic agents are emerging. The rapid expansion in the therapeutic armamentarium holds the promise of further enhancing outcomes.