The fate of renal allografts hinges on responses of the microvascular endothelium

The present investigation was designed to evaluate the renal microvascular endothelial cell responses following exposure to preformed antibodies against human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in the recipient. We hypothesize that activation of endothelial cell genes has a pivotal role in renal allograft survival. In this study, we used cultured human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human microvascular glomerular endothelial cells (HMGEC), activated with and without IFN-γ and TNF-α, and pre-transplant blood group O patient sera containing multispecific HLA class I and class II antibodies. Molecular HLA typing revealed the HMGEC haplotype to be HLA-A*01, HLA-A*68, HLA-B*14, HLA-B*35, HLA-C*04, HLA-C*08, HLA-DRβ1*13, and HLA-DRβ1*15. Flow cytometry was used for phenotypic characterization of both inactivated and activated HUVECs and HMGECs with IFN-γ and TNF-α. HUVECs were positive for HLA-ABC, HLA-DR/DQ, von Willebrand factor, endoglin, PECAM, ICAM, MCAM, integrin beta-3, thrombomodulin, E-selectin, VCAM-1, and tissue factor, and negative for alpha smooth muscle actin and P-selectin antibodies. HMGECs were positive for HLA-ABC, HLA-DR/DQ, von Willebrand factor, endoglin, ICAM, MCAM, integrin beta-3, thrombomodulin, VCAM-1, and tissue factor; and negative for PECAM, E-selectin, P-selectin, and for blood group antigens A and B. 42 samples were analyzed by real time PCR and categorized into the following groups: the control group (HMGEC only, n = 12), group 1 (HMGECs incubated with patient sera, n = 15), and group 2 (HMGECs activated by TNF-α and IFN-γ and incubated with patient sera, n = 15). Expression levels of the vasoconstriction genes endothelin 1 (EDN1), endothelin 2 (EDN2), and endothelin receptor type A (EDNRA) were up-regulated in both groups 1 and 2 compared to the control group. The thrombomodulin (THBD) gene was also up-regulated in both groups 1 and 2 compared to the control. Chemokine genes CCL5 and CX3CL1 were up-regulated in both groups 1 and 2 compared to the controls; whereas, CCL2 was up-regulated only in group 2. Cytokine activity genes colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamilymember 10 (TNFSF10), interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), and interleukin 6 (IL6) were up-regulated in both groups 1 and 2 compared to the control; whereas, IL11 was up-regulated only in group 1 and IFNB1 in group 2. Adhesion molecule genes intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), and integrin beta 3 (ITGB3) were up-regulated in both groups 1 and 2 compared to the control; whereas, CDH5 and COL18A1 were up-regulated only in group 2. Anti-apoptosis genes BCL2A1, CFLAR, and SPHK1 were up-regulated only in group 2 compared to controls. Apoptosis and caspase-activation genes CASP, RIPK1, and FAS were up-regulated only in group 2 compared to the control. Angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1) and prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthase (PTGIS) were down-regulated in both groups 1 and 2 compared to the control group. Our results indicate that expression of the endothelin gene in endothelial cells may contribute to vasoconstriction of blood vessels in post-renal allograft transplantation. In addition, thrombomodulin, by reducing thrombogenic activity, and interleukin 11, through its cytoprotective effects, may have a role in transplant accommodation in the presence of pre-formed HLA antibodies. This study showed that activation of the vasoconstriction genes, thrombomodulin gene, chemokine genes, cytokine activity genes, adhesion genes, anti-apoptosis genes, and apoptosis and caspase-activation genes could have consequential effects on renal allograft survival.