When less is more: novel mechanisms of iron conservation

• Cells respond to iron deficiency through iron acquisition and iron conservation.
• To conserve iron, cells shut down many iron-consuming processes.
• Iron-regulatory pathways may influence metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Disorders of iron homeostasis are very common, yet the molecular mechanisms of iron regulation remain understudied. Over 20 years have passed since the first characterization of iron-regulatory proteins (IRP) as mediators of cellular iron-deficiency response in mammals through iron acquisition. However, little is known about other mechanisms necessary for adaptation to low-iron states. In this review, we present recent evidence that establishes the existence of a new iron-regulatory pathway aimed at iron conservation and optimization of iron use through suppression of nonessential iron-consuming processes. Moreover, we discuss the possible links between iron homeostasis and energy metabolism uncovered by studies of iron-deficiency response.