Regulation and possible role of endocannabinoids and related mediators in hypercholesterolemic mice with atherosclerosis

In this study we analysed the possible modulation of endocannabinoids and related molecules during atherosclerosis development in mice. Wild-type and apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mice were fed either normal chow or high-cholesterol diet for 8–12 weeks, and tissue endocannabinoid levels were measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. We found increased levels of 2-AG in aortas and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of ApoE−/− mice fed on high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks as compared to ApoE−/− mice fed on normal chow or wild-type mice fed on cholesterol. No significant difference in 2-AG levels was observed after 8 weeks of diet, and no changes in anandamide levels were found in any group. The levels of the anandamide-related mediators with anti-inflammatory or anti-lipogenic properties, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), decreased or increased only in VAT or in both tissues, respectively. Endocannabinoid- and OEA/PEA-degrading enzymes were expressed by macrophages within atherosclerotic lesions. In vitro, 2-AG and OEA-induced monocyte migration at 0.3–1 μM, which corresponds to the levels observed in aortas. PEA 1 μM also induced monocyte migration but counteracted the effect of 2-AG, whereas OEA enhanced it. Enhanced 2-AG levels in advanced atherosclerotic lesions may trigger the inflammatory process by recruiting more inflammatory cells and inducing extracellular matrix degradation via CB2 receptors, and this possibility was supported in vitro but not in vivo by experiments with the CB2 antagonist, SR144528.