Synergistic effects of cyclic tension and transforming growth factor-β1 on the aortic valve myofibroblast

BackgroundPhenotypically, aortic valve interstitial cells are dynamic myofibroblasts, appearing contractile and activated in times of development, disease, and remodeling. The precise mechanism of phenotypic modulation is unclear, but it is speculated that both biomechanical and biochemical factors are influential. Therefore, we hypothesized that isolated and combined treatments of cyclic tension and transforming growth factor-β1 would alter the phenotype and subsequent collagen biosynthesis of aortic valve interstitial cells in situ.Methods and resultsPorcine aortic valve leaflets received 7- and 14-day treatments of 15% cyclic stretch (Tension); 0.5 ng/ml transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF); 15% cyclic stretch and 0.5 ng/ml transforming growth factor-β1 (Tension+TGF); or neither mechanical nor cytokine stimuli (Null). Tissues were homogenized and assayed for aortic valve interstitial cell phenotype (smooth muscle α-actin) and collagen biosynthesis (via heat shock protein 47, which was further verified with type I collagen C-terminal propeptide). At both 7 and 14 days, smooth muscle α-actin, heat shock protein 47, and type I collagen C-terminal propeptide quantities were significantly greater (P<.001) in the Tension+TGF group than in all other groups. Additionally, Tension alone appeared to maintain smooth muscle α-actin and heat shock protein 47 levels that were measured on Day 0, while TGF alone elicited an increase in smooth muscle α-actin and heat shock protein 47 compared to Day 0 levels. Null treatment revealed diminished proteins at both time points.ConclusionsElevated transforming growth factor-β1 levels, in the presence of cyclic mechanical tension, resulted in synergistic increases in contractile and biosynthetic proteins in aortic valve interstitial cells. Since cyclic mechanical stimuli can never be relieved in vivo, the presence of transforming growth factor-β1 (possibly from infiltrating macrophages) may result in overly biosynthetic aortic valve interstitial cells, leading to altered extracellular matrix architecture, compromised valve function, and, ultimately, degenerative valvular disease.