Exercise Oscillatory Breathing and NT-proBNP Levels in Stable Heart Failure Provide the Strongest Prediction of Cardiac Outcome When Combining Biomarkers With Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing

BackgroundN-Terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)–derived variables are gold standards for assessing prognosis in heart failure (HF) patients. We sought to refine cardiac events prediction by performing a combined analysis of NT-proBNP with markers of exercise ventilatory efficiency.Methods and ResultsA total of 260 stable HF patients underwent measurements of plasma NT-proBNP levels before, at peak exercise, and at 1-minute CPET recovery phase along with peak oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation to CO2 production (VE/VCO2) slope, and exercise periodic breathing (EPB) determinations. After a median follow-up period of 20.6 months, there were 54 cardiac-related deaths. Univariate analysis including NT-proBNP at rest, at peak exercise, and at 1 minute recovery, peak VO2, VE/VCO2 slope, and EPB showed NT-proBNP to be the strongest independent predictor with equivalent performance for rest, peak, and recovery levels. Thus, only NT-proBNP at rest was considered (Harrel C 0.783, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.722–0.844) with VE/VCO2 slope (Harrel C 0.720, 95% CI 0.646–0.794), EPB (Harrel C 0.685, 95% CI 0.619–0.751), and peak VO2 (Harrel C 0.618, 95% CI 0.533–0.704). With bivariate stepwise analyses, NT-proBNP along with EPB emerged as the strongest prognosticators (Harrel C 0.800, 95% CI 0.737–0.862).ConclusionsIn the refinement for robust outcome predictors in HF patients, NT-proBNP levels together with EPB led to the most powerful definition. VE/VCO2 slope and peak VO2 did not provide any prognostic adjunct. A biomarker/CPET approach seems very promising to warrant the continuous implementation in the prognostic work-up of HF patients.