A model of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using the Boston EMS arrest registry

ObjectivesTo characterize the survival rate for out-of-hospital arrests of cardiac aetiology and predictor variables associated with survival in Boston, MA, and to develop a composite multivariate logistic regression model for projecting survival rates.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of all arrests of presumed cardiac aetiology (from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2007) where resuscitation was attempted (n = 1156) by 911 emergency responders.ResultsThe survival-at-hospital discharge rate was 11% (vs. 1–10% often reported). The coefficients and odds ratios in the first equation of the model show that joint presence of presenting rhythm of ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia (VF/VT) and return of spontaneous circulation in the pre-hospital setting (ROSC) is a substantial direct predictor of survival (e.g., 54% of such cases survive). Response time, public location, witnessed, and age are significant but less sizable direct predictors of survival. A second equation shows that these four variables make an additional indirect contribution to survival by affecting the probability of joint presence of VF/VT and ROSC; bystander CPR also makes such an indirect contribution but no significant direct one as shown in the first equation. The projected survival rate if cases had always experienced bystander CPR and rapid response time of less than four minutes is 21%.ConclusionsThe unique model describes the major contribution of VF/VT and ROSC, and key relationships among predictors of survival. These connections may have otherwise gone underreported using standard approaches and should be considered when allocating scarce resources to impact cardiac arrest survival.