TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and cinc-1 levels in rat brain after meningitis induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae

Bacterial meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with a significant mortality rate and persisting neurologic sequelae, including sensory–motor deficits, seizures, and impairment of learning and memory. The presence of proliferating bacteria within the subarachnoid and ventricular space compartments triggers an intense inflammatory host response at killing the invading microorganism. Proinflammatory mediators released in the process, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, were shown to contribute to the development of brain injury in bacterial meningitis. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the levels of the TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CINC-1 in the rat brain after pneumococcal meningitis. The animals underwent a magna cistern tap receiving either 10 µL of sterile saline as a placebo or an equivalent volume of a S. pneumoniae suspension at the concentration of 5 × 109 cfu/mL. The placebo group was killed immediately after the induction and the meningitis group at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h after induction. The brains were removed followed by the isolation of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex for determining TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CINC-1 levels. In the hippocampus we found increased levels of the TNF-α only at 6 h (p < 0.01; F = 3.777); CINC-1 levels increased at 6 and 24 h (p < 0.001; p < 0.05; F = 15.05); and IL-6 and IL-1β levels were not altered. In the prefrontal cortex, the TNF-α levels were found to be increased only at 6 h (p < 0.05; F = 4.921); IL-6 (p < 0.05; F= 11.69) and IL-1β (p < 0.001; F = 132.0) levels were found to be increased only at 24 h after meningitis induction; and CINC-1 levels were found to be increased at 6, 12, and 24 h (p < 0.01; p < 0.01; p < 0.01; F = 16.86) after meningitis induction. Our data suggest that cytokine/chemokine levels can be putative biomarkers of brain damage in the first hours of the pneumococcal meningitis.