Reliability of clinical measurements used in the determination of facial indices

Measuring these distances with an anthropometrical ruler is not highly reliable, although the distance supraorbitale-gnathion can be measured more precisely than the distance sellion-gnathion. However, IPD measurements with a digital pupillometer are very reliable. These findings, together with the visibility of these parameters in the frontal view, lead to the introduction of a new facial index: IPD/supraorbitale-gnathion.