Perioperative management of the geriatric patient. Part I: respiratory system

The population of the United States is aging. It is expected that the population age 65 and older will increase to nearly 60 million by the year 2030 and those age 85 and over to nearly 11 million. Patients over age 65 are more than twice as likely to undergo surgical procedures than patients 40 to 65. Structural and physiologic changes associated with advancing age, combined with the increased likelihood of major disability or disease, significantly increase the risk of perioperative complications. These articles review the major age-related changes and the effect they have on the perioperative management of these patients.