The Prescription Opioid Epidemic: Repercussions on Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Among other developed and developing nations, the United States is experiencing an unprecedented epidemic of prescription opioid misuse. The prescription opioid epidemic clearly continues to have significant and widespread adverse effects on pediatric and adult populations alike. Prescription opioids have had the single greatest impact on pediatric emergency department visits, with visits increasing by 101% from 2001 to 2008, and an 86% increase in rates of admission, with rates of injury increasing by 92%. This article provides readers with an overview of the epidemiology, history, basic science, and advocacy interventions associated with this public health calamity. It discusses the increased susceptibility of young children to the adverse effects of these drugs and the neonatal abstinence syndrome, an opioid withdrawal syndrome. A multifaceted approach will be needed to contain the problem including comprehensive prescriber and patient education, expanded prescription drug monitoring programs, increased protection against accidental ingestion, increased law enforcement efforts, and stringent regulation and oversight of pharmaceutical companies.