Eosinophilia during intestinal infection

Eosinophilia is a common finding in tropical developing countries, and is mainly caused by chronic helminth infections, predominantly of the gut. Although only a minority of infections is symptomatic, development during childhood can be impaired, and in some patients serious complications and sequelae may occur. Eosinophilia in helminth infection is typically associated with a strong Th2 immune response, and eosinophils can effectively kill or damage larvae and adult worms in vitro. However, in vivo, eosinophils are only partly effective in the control of helminth infection, and recent research has shown that eosinophils are involved in a range of immunomodulatory effects, such as increased production of the down-modulatory cytokines interleukin 10 and tumour growth factor β, as well as stimulation of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages. Increasing evidence suggests that immunomodulation favours parasite survival and reduces immune pathology. On the other hand, immunomodulation induced by helminth infections may contribute to protection from allergic and autoimmune responses, as proposed by the ‘hygiene hypothesis’ to explain the increase in allergic diseases in the industrialised world. The predictive value of eosinophilia for the presence of helminth infections is limited and depends on the epidemiological background and the extent of the eosinophilia. It increases considerably in populations with a high prevalence of parasitic infections, as in developing tropical countries or in travellers to those areas.