Higher dietary intake of long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is inversely associated with depressive symptoms in women

ObjectiveExperimental and observational data suggest that a higher dietary intake of long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated acids may lead to a decreased risk of depressive disorders. We assessed multivariable-adjusted associations of fish consumption and dietary intakes of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with depressive symptoms in a population-based sample of 3317 African-American and Caucasian men and women from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study.MethodsDiet was assessed in year 7 (1992–1993) and depressive symptoms were measured in years 10 (1995–1996), 15 (2000–2001), and 20 (2005–2006) by the 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Depressive symptoms were defined as a Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score ≥16 or self-reported use of antidepressant medication.ResultsIn the entire cohort, the highest quintiles of intakes of EPA (≥0.03% energy), DHA (≥0.05% energy), and EPA + DHA (≥0.08% energy) were associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms at year 10 (P for trends = 0.16, 0.10, and 0.03, respectively). The observed inverse associations were more pronounced in women. For the total number of occasions with depressive symptoms, the multivariable adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) in women were 0.75 (0.55–1.01) for fish intake, 0.66 (0.50–0.89) for EPA, 0.66 (0.49–0.89) for DHA, and 0.71 (0.52–0.95) for EPA + DHA when comparing the highest with the lowest quintiles. Analyses of continuous Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale scores revealed inverse associations with fourth-root–transformed ω-3 variables in women.ConclusionOur findings suggest that dietary intakes of fish and long-chain ω-3 fatty acids may be inversely associated with chronic depressive symptoms in women.