Serotonin Has a Key Role in Pathogenesis of Experimental Colitis

Background & AimsMucosal changes in inflammatory bowel disease are characterized by ulcerative lesions accompanied by a prominent infiltrate of immune cells as well as alteration in serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT])–producing enterochromaffin cells. We investigated the role of 5-HT in colonic inflammation in mice.MethodsColitis was induced with dextran sulfate sodium or dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in tryptophan hydroxylase 1–deficient (TPH1−/−) mice, which have markedly reduced 5-HT in the gastrointestinal tract, and in mice given the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor parachlorophenylalanine.ResultsDelayed onset, decreased severity of clinical disease, and significantly lower macroscopic and histologic damage scores were observed in TPH1−/− mice, compared with wild-type mice, and in mice given parachlorophenylalanine after induction of colitis by dextran sulfate sodium. This was associated with down-regulation of macrophage infiltration and production of proinflammatory cytokines. 5-HT stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages collected from the peritoneal cavity of wild-type mice; this process was inhibited by a nuclear factor κB inhibitor, indicating a critical role for nuclear factor κB signaling in 5-HT–mediated activation of immune cells. Restoration of 5-HT levels in TPH1−/− mice by the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan increased the severity of DSS-induced colitis. We also observed significant reduction in severity of colitis in TPH1−/− mice after induction of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid–induced colitis.Conclusions5-HT is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation in experimental colitis. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of gastrointestinal inflammation and could lead to new therapeutic strategies for inflammatory disorders.