Antiviral Intrahepatic T-Cell Responses Can Be Restored by Blocking Programmed Death-1 Pathway in Chronic Hepatitis B

T-cell exhaustion by high antigen concentrations promotes HBV-specific T-cell dysfunction by affecting phenotype and function of peripheral and intrahepatic T cells. By restoring antiviral T-cell functions, not only in peripheral but also in intrahepatic lymphocytes, anti-PD-L1 might be a good therapeutic candidate for chronic HBV infection.