Cardiobacterium valvarum, an Emerging New HACEK Organism, as the Causative Agent of Infective Endocarditis: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Cardiobacterium valvarum is a newly described HACEK (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter spp., Cardiobacterium spp., Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella spp.) organism causing endocarditis. We report the second case of bioprosthetic aortic valve infective endocarditis, review the current literature, and investigate the phylogenetic relationships among clinical isolates of C. valvarum.