Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G during pregnancy part II: Associations between maternal and fetal HLA-G genotypes and soluble HLA-G

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a class Ib molecule with restricted tissue distribution expressed on the extra-villous trophoblast and seems to have immunomodulatory functions during pregnancy. Studies have linked HLA-G polymorphisms to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and recurrent miscarriage. Levels of soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) in blood plasma from non-pregnant donors seem to be associated with these polymorphisms. In the current study, we have genotyped 246 mothers and their offspring for HLA-G polymorphisms in the 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR) and measured sHLA-G in maternal blood plasma samples from gestational week 20 and at term, as well as in fetal umbilical cord blood samples. This is the first large study simultaneously performing HLA-G genotyping of mother and offspring and measuring sHLA-G in both maternal and umbilical cord blood. The results showed that increasing numbers of 14 bp ins (rs66554220) alleles in the mother–child genotype combinations were associated with higher maternal sHLA-G levels at term when restricting the analysis to 14 bp ins/del heterozygous mothers (p = 0.015). Furthermore, increasing numbers of 14InsG haplotypes (14 bp ins/del and +3142C/G (rs1063320) polymorphism) in mother–child genotype combinations were associated with higher levels of sHLA-G at term in heterozygous 14DelC/14InsG mothers (p = 0.005). In conclusion, the results indicate that there is an association between combined feto-maternal HLA-G genotypes and sHLA-G levels in maternal blood plasma.