Construct validity of measures of goal orientation in the approach–avoidance network

• We examine the abundance of seemingly similar approach–avoidance scales.
• Support for a reflective, hierarchical model of approach–avoidance is modest.
• Goal orientation constructs are distinct from other approach–avoidance constructs.
• Results bolster confidence in the use of goal orientation in educational research.

The current research examined the reflective, hierarchical measurement structure of approach–avoidance motivation using self-report measures drawn from multiple conceptualizations of approach–avoidance, with a specific focus on the validity of measures of goal orientation. Accordingly, the dominant conceptual status currently afforded goal orientation in the achievement motivation literature relative to competing approach–avoidance constructs can be evaluated. In a psychometric study of 1497 participants, only the approach constructs of Mastery Goal Orientation, Performance-Prove Goal Orientation and BAS Drive, and the avoidance constructs of Performance-Avoid Goal Orientation and Negative Affect, emerged as distinct factors, showed appropriate first order correlations, and were reflective of their predicted second order factor. Results demonstrate that goal orientation constructs are meaningful to individuals and distinct from other approach–avoidance constructs.